Taking away the boys.On the evening of the day preceding the principal cere- mony, all the tribes remove their camps close to the kackaroo, or public ring, where they remain for the night. The body of a man belonging to a strong family and with a big following would doubled up, heels to hips and face to knees, and the arms folded. 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The Aboriginal to-day pretends to know nothing but if full trust can be established it will be found that he does know. We provide free guidance and resources to help you make more family history discoveries. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares. The cause of it was Flash Tommy. He collected money from the whites who were watching the performance, and when asked what he was going to do with the money by Long Tommy, a black who worked at Irwins, he said he was going to keep it. The principal headman then walks along the row of novices, bending down the head of each one until his chin is resting on his breast. He had two wives, to both of whom he was most kind. This would be chip- ped and shaved with extreme care until the desired curve had been ob- tained, when the finishing touches would be put on it with scrapers made of shells or glass. Groups living near the Wonnarua include the Darkinjung and the Wirad The howling continued all the time. The ironbark (teekurah), was mostly favored for making them. white stone to be carried back to the headman who sent him. The attack on the solitary shepherds was tragically successful and five fell victims to the vengeance of the natives,. It is an arduous task that Mr. Mackay and myself are called upon to perform each month, to wit, to walk to Stroud from Dungog for the purpose of administering justice, and as the way is beset with wild blacks, who frequently molest and threaten us Fitzpatric also mentions: Armed conflict with police at a place called (in de- rision) Waterloo, near Browns Creek. He comments: Police got the worst of it. The rugs they used were made of animals skins, principally those of opossums. When I approached an old man was digging the grave, which was a most laborious task, the ground being very hard, and the only tools used for the purpose a tomahawk. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. The keerang and other men who have remained in the camp then muster up all the women, and place them lying down round the fire, a little way outside the ring of bushes before referred to, the women of each tribe being kept in groups by themselves on the side next their own district, and are covered over with rugs and bushes. Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 19th instant relative to the individual named in the margin [Cooky], and have no hesitation in saying, from the peaceable, honest, and orderly conduct of the blacks in this quarter for many months past it would be perfectly safe to return Cooky to his tribe nay I am sure it would do great good, for he is an intelligent fellow, and will communicate to his friends all he has seen - and come through since they parted, this paving the way to their future improvement, while it must ensure gratitude and good will to the whites. During the early part of each day, the men go out hunting, and bring home the results of the chase, consisting of kangaroos, iguanas, birds, and other game, as well as wild honey. For weeks and weeks he would labor, fashioning with the crude tools at his command, such things as he believed would bring him the best return in his bartering. Of the earlier and major case he writes: Belbora alludes to the Gangat tragedy in the early Thirties, and is more applicable to Upper Gangat, where hostile Wallamba natives died thick from the effects of arsenical poisoning. (By WIRRAPIT). Filling in under the logs with stones fitted, or saplings, with twigs woven in and out to let thee smaller fish get away. The inner part, the inside of the craft, would of course be the naturally smooth sappy portion. They never smiled nor did they ever applaud. The chiefs and other old irien remain with the wom-nen at the kackaroo, and preparations for the ceremony are at once commenced. The women then step out of the ring, and stand a few yards from it, where they remain till the conclusion of the performance. As James Miller explains in his bookKoori a Will to Win, The land held the key to lifes secrets. There were short boards nailed across the dangerous parts. It is said that the youths mother is custodian of the tooth and takes great care of it. This position was held for some time. SmartDraw's family tree template starts you with a basic family structure already on the page. The person carried off tries to cry out, but cannot, feeling almost choked; at daylight Coen disappears, and the black finds himself conveyed safely to his own fireside. 75-81 York StreetSingleton NSW 2330, telephone This was done and Mr. Donelan accompanied me himself to Stroud, while the constables and soldiers went by water to Booral. At the goonambang, a fire lit the centre where a number of elders were sitting. Just as preparations were being made for a continuation of the rites, some of the strange blacks raised an objection to my being present with a gun, for I had with me a small sixteen-bore fowling piece I Invariably carried on my excursions in the bush. Even in moments of most poignant agony they would evince a stoicism that was heroic. The Australian Museum holds a large number of cultural material and objects obtained from archaeological sites in New South Wales, as well as items from various regions throughout Australia. The Wonnarua were part of the land. James Miller, the author of Koori: A Will to Win, writes an ancestor was from Eccleston, and regards himself as Wonnarua. The mystery bags carried by the men evidently held some significant superstitious meaning, the profundity of which I was never able to fathom, despite careful inquiry on the subject. Muh! (Now!) The latter, on receiving this token of their concurrence, then selects a suitable plan in some part of his own territory where game is sufficiently plentiful to afford food for his visitors, and there he commences to prepare the ground. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 22 Dec 1905 Page 5 Scraps of Early History. THE Wonnarua language is more nearly related . The [shelters were] merely a few sheets of bark placed against a convenient log, or bushes roughly planted alongside some huge forest giant. Long Tommys [wife] picked up a fire stick and flattened Flash Tommy out. The Reverend L. E. Threlkeld was sworn interpreter between the Court and the prisoner at the bar. At these camping places, one of the men swings the bull-roarer in the adjacent forest just after dark, and again a little before daylight, and the women reply to it by beating on their rugs, and singing; the men give a shout in unison. The main shaft was the dried stem of the gigantic lily (pooloongearn), and into this was fitted a secondary portion, a part of the dried flower stem of the grass tree (pummirri). According to the Wonnarua dreamtime the Hunter Valley was created by the great spirit, Baime (Byamee). Inland from the Awabakal was the Geawegal tribe, whose country was part of the valley of the Hunter River, extending to each lateral watershed and from twenty to thirty miles along the valley on each side of Glendon. The men invariably carried their tomahawks In their belts, and a piece of grass- tree gum, which latter seemed to be an indispensable part of their equipment This exudation of the pummirri had so many uses that no blackfellow could be without his supply ready at hand. [8], An Aboriginal Australian people of New South Wales. The company has spent more than$15 million formulating plans for the project, which includemoving the homestead to a nearby farm, or the town of Broke, 35km away. A section of the Kamilaroi occupied the upper waters flowing into the Hunter and Goulburn, and the easy gap from the west probably afforded them ready access for their raids. A dreamtime story from the Wonnarua explains how the hills and rivers in the Hunter Valley were created by a spirit called Baiame. Some of the game caught during the day is cooked for the novices, the bones and sinews being taken out of it, and the pieces cut small, so that they may not be able to distinguish what animals flesh is being given to them. Their men played a somewhat important, if commendably cautious, part in the business by throwing stones into the water as the [women] dived, the purpose being to scare away the sharks. address Our Clan occupied the valleys year-round, visiting the plateaus in spring and summer to gather food. Dungog (aboriginal Tunkok, signifying Clear Hills) witnessed the closing scene of the drama, when the law of the land intervened and one solitary black was hanged for complicity in the raid, the place of execution being on or about the present site of the police station of that town. When nearly through, smoke would begin to rise, whereupon the efforts of the operator would be re-doubled. Choose the design that fits your site. In this way they were deliciously cooked, and indeed the doctor relates that he frequently dealt with his own game and fish in this manner. Rubbing the palms together he would cause the upright stick he held to revolve rapidly, the point gradually boring Its way through the pith beneath. Glancing about I saw a strange aboriginal walking across a cleared space and approaching the camp. The men beleaguered in the hut were driven to dire straits, and as a last resource mixed arsenic in dampers and placed them where the natives had easy access to them. After these singular appetisers, the chief would throw the carcase on the fire and leave the game to cook. We children were out for a walk with our faithful servant Fanny, when I, noticing a big mangrove tree on the edge of the bay, I climbed to its top-most branches. What makes me remember the corroboree was the fight that followed. But men were callous, and life was cheap in those far off days, and tradition tells a yet weirder tale of a blood bounty at half a crown per head.. All the articles of the deceased were buried with him, and every[one] contributed something to the collection. [5], The Wonnarua people appeared to use a similar language to the Awabakal people, called Awabakal language, that is being reviewed by oral historians and linguists in order to develop a comprehensive dictionary of the language of the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie regions. The harden ing was, of course, done by fire later on. On one occasion my father, having caught several of the youths in the act of purloining some of these delectables, remonstrated with them, and upbraided them sternly for stealing. in that locality. Ironbark was used in their manufacture, and the bulging knob was capable of putting an enemy out of action with little trouble. The illustration above, Broken Bay [Hawkesbury RIver]Jemmy. Sir, I do myself the honor to state to you for the information of His Excel- lency the Governor that a formal complaint was made to me a few days ago, by a respectable person in this neighbourhood in favor of five aborigines whose names are in the margin [Derby, Purser, and three others]. The body, nicely tied up in bark, was carried to it by friends of the deceased. Marsupials were in abundance among the ridges and on the flat lands; there were birds In the trees and on the swamps. The Earliest Inhabitants - Aboriginal Tribes of the District. When not in use for this purpose the peg was kept in the cartilage of the nostrils which were pierced for the purpose. The blacks mistook the whip cracks for gun shots, and made tracks for safety. sunrise, one of the headmen pretends to see a large brown squirrel [possum] going into a hole in a tree growing near the camp, and asks one of the men to catch it. In the Wonnarua dreamtime the Hunter Valley was created by the great spirit, Baime (Byamee). In the old yard at Wattonbakh big Whalen fought his last great fight armed only with a paling; the blacks outnumbered him, and his blood stained the yard for long afterwards. They never felled a tree, but climbed it by cutting nicks in the tree for toe holts. The language spoken around Newcastle and Lake Macquarie called by the aborigines Awaaba was much the same, and the whole language was named Kurring-gai by some, and Awaabakal by others. I was present at [a corroboree] 55 years ago with the rest of our family. [1], The Gringai are a known clan of the Wonnarua people, whose traditional lands are the Allyn River valley,[9] and include what is now known as Dungog, Paterson, Gresford, Brookfield,[7] Tocal,[10] to the headwaters of the Williams and Chichester rivers. The flesh was cut with a little sharp stone, and then the black so operated upon would lie out in the sun. Around Dungog the blacks believed when a man became ill with a wasting sick- ness, that one of these medicine-men had crept in under cover of darkness and. Ms Ley said a decision on the application would be made "in the near future". This, I was told, was the end, but to me it now seems clear that it was the beginning of the ceremonies, being the time when the contingents have arrived, and before the final part when the boys who are initiated are taken from their mothers. established a heifer station at Bakers Creek, twelve miles north-east of Gloucester, now known as Upper Ghangat. Here the final tragedy occurred; a stand was made by the blacks, but in vain. Among the last remaining artefacts of that era is the Ravensworth homestead, whichlies directly in the path of a proposed extension to Glencore's Glendell coal mine. Capt. The [women], who played a part in this ceremony were made to lie down around the edge of the oval, al- though whether within or outside the defined ring I am not able to say with certainty. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Fri 12 Nov 1926 Page 3 OUT- RAGE BY BLACKS. The fire-maker would squat himself on the ground, the soles of his feet on the larger length of wood to hold it firm, the thinner section between the palms of his hands, its tapered point on the. 'The Valley was always there in the Dreaming, though mountains, trees, animals and people were not yet formed. It will be seen how easily the blacks word Tugag pronounced by them Toon- gang was corrupted. If these people, after deliberation among themselves, decide to accept the invitation, they give the messenger another. Many years later Enright (1937-40:91) wrote of having been given a grinding stone which had been found on the bank of the creek at Milgarra, near Bunnan. Charms were worn round the neck and consisted of shells, seeds, pieces of quartz, etc. This seemed to conclude one de- finite part of the ceremonies, for the women were not permitted to witness what followed. Copyright for this website is owned by the State of New South Wales through the Department of Education. Fanny implored us to maintain silence about the find, her perturbation being so intense and impressing us so strongly, that we never mentioned the matter afterwards. A few sheets of bark, leaning on a pole against a tree, served him as shelter through days of sunshine or nights of storm and rain. The keerango, and other men who remained at the womens camp have been standing by as spectators, directing the proceedings all the time - the principal headmen being among them. Most of the Gringai were named Kumbo, but there were some Ipai, Kubbi and Murri among them. The bull-roarer was attached to about 1.5 metres of string and whirled rapidly about, creating an unearthly noise. The coffin was lifted upon the shoulders. They wer e propelled by paddles made from seasoned hardwood, and shaped after the manner of a large spoon or butter bat. Vinnimmbe (1980:Table 3 ) lists an extensive array of plants occurring around Brisbane Water of which a number are known to have been eaten, and indicates their seasonal avail- ability. Such a camp would be formed on some tolerably level ground near a running stream or water-hole. Some are said to have survived the operation for three days. It would be no exaggeration to say that their aim was very accurate up to a hundred yards, and it was possible for them to throw the lance farther than this. I have heard my father say when the blacks lost control of the river, the river lost its fish. [8], A range of alternate names for the Wonnarua people are Wanaruah, Wanaruwa, Wonnuaruah, Wannerawa, Wonarura, and Wonnahare. The Kweealbang Camp.-A short digression will now be made for the purpose of describing how the women are released from their prostrate position, and their subsequent proceedings. Discover your family history. This was all their bodily protection against the elements, and their fullest concession to the conventions im- posed by the white people about. % His bad attributes remained with the corpse. Various articles by Gordon Bennett, chiefly in the Dungog Chronicle (GB). Change the target language to find translations. They extended up the Hunter Valley as far as Singleton. endstream endobj startxref I never remember any black starting out on a voyage, however short, without this fire burning. Figure 2: Richard Browne (17711824) was an early Australian convict artist and illustrator who was transported from Ireland to New South Wales. In this paper he provides an overview of frontier history from the perspective of his people - the Wonnarua from the Hunter Valley.. About the Author James Wilson-Miller is the Curator of Koori History and Culture, Powerhouse Museum, Sydney and a PhD student in the SELF Research Centre. A sort of warlike pantomime was then enacted and the women and children closely covered up, were frightened out of their wits, and cried lustily. As the boys took this symbolic leave of their mothers, the ceremony geared towards its climax. Fanny, on seeing it, became greatly agitated and ordered me to restore it to its hiding place at once. After he finished creating, he jumped back up to the spirit world from Mount Yengo, which he flattened. It was then wrapped in sheets of ti-tree secured by cords of string- bark fibre. Som e of them were notched at inter- vals along their whole length, or else carved in fantastic patterns. Two young Blacks who made a nuisance of themselves by continually begging for food at a certain accommodation house on Fosterton Road, were easily disposed of a little poison was put in their food. The latter, he continued, were of robust growth and at this season of the year laden with its clustered Capsules which I am informed are gathered by the Aborigines, who roast and eat them after the manner of Maise. The Wonnarua had some idea of a Great Spirit, but what the idea was my informant does not know. The fish after being cleaned appeared as though, it had just come out of the water. As they attempted to escape he had ordered the soldiers to fire upon them, by which he had reason to believe that one blackfellow with one arm had been killed and some of the others wounded. "The details are horrific Cato [an Indigenous man] was impaled on the front fence of the homestead, the other warriors were hung from the neck," he said. In fashioning their canoes the blacks showed a skill and craftsmanship that was surprising, considering that any form of building was to them practically an unknown art. Of the ceremonies that they did permit white people to see, I was the fortunate spectator on one occasion, when I was about eleven years of age. The settlers and government troopers retaliated with random shootings and massacres. . There are hardly any left, except in odd places, just a wreck of what they were. Some of the performances are, however, enacted during the day, after the men return from hunting. At the end of the song they would burst into shrieks of raucous merriment. [8] of the same class ran off together they were punished by death if captured.A man was not permitted to speak to his wifes mother and could only do so through a third party. They are generally listed as clan of the Worrimi people, though the Wonnarua Strategic Plan lists the Gringai of Gresford as Wonnarua. In this he reports two cases of the Harmony, one, a substantial one, in the early Thirties and the other, a minor one in 1847. Ironically, it is directly above Baime cave where Europeans first viewed the Upper Hunter, led from Sydney by a tracker from the Wonnarua tribe. With no knowledge of science to aid them, with only the most primitive ideas of handicraft as white men comprehend it, they could do a vast quantity of very excellent work in a very brief space of time. 3.- The greatest decrease has been among children and women. It is therefore necessary to give them a little relaxation to afford them an opportunity of regaining their strength before attempting the journey to the kweealbang. The spot where the fire had seen being now cool, the embers and ashes were levelled and boughs were brought and disposed of in the middle of the circle. Often, some black would feel the urge to make something, becoming suddenly industrious in the manufacture of a large number of weapons intended to be exchanged for other articles with members of one of the neighbouring tribes. Another favorite food was the cobra found in decaying logs on the banks of the tidal watercourses. To-day looking on this quiet and peaceful scene it is hard to believe that where one stand was enacted one of those terrible tragedies that unfortunately too often happened in the early days when the white pioneers were taking up the land and outsing the primitive aboriginals from their hunting grounds. Re the name of Canningalla being called after Lord Canning. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Collection. Having made the necessary arrangements, Captain Mof- fatt, Mr. Hall and my self set off at 10 for the Gloucester, We got to Gloucester House, at 3 oclock, and received information from Macintyres station that a black there had seen the murderers and Hendersons money, etc., in their possession, and that they were now settling down, in a bush only two miles from Hendersons sta- tion. The bias towards the coast applies to plant foods as to others, and this aspect of the evidence makes impossible any comparison between the relative importance of plant foods in coastal and inland environments. to 30-In. Possum, bears [koalas] and snakes were relished Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 3 Sep 1918 Page 3 DAYS GONE BY. Macarty then took the whites and put us across the creek where the dam now is. There were other types of spears, of course, for hunting purposes, and perhaps war. Groups living near the Wonnarua include the Darkinjung and the Wirad I never knew the blacks to steal anything from our premises except water-melons, of which they were extremely fond. The Rawden Bros merchants of Liverpool (England) and J. T Jombay, after whom Rawden Vale (now wrongly spelt Rawdon) is called, took up, somewhere about 1834 and held under occupation license all the country now known as Teragie, Moppy, Cobakh, Rawdon Vale and Catteneal, where they depastured many thousands of sheep which on account of the blacks were all shepherded. A camp would be re-doubled nothing but if full trust can be established it will be seen how the! Pieces of quartz, etc favored for making them were notched at inter- vals along their whole length, else... Them Toon- gang was corrupted wom-nen at the kackaroo, and wonnarua family tree for the ceremony at... 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