According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. As compared to the watershed average annual soil loss rate, 11 sub-watersheds such as R, F, N, C, J, I, G, O, D, A and B have erosion rate of 3.1 ton/ha/year which is above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year). 5 0 obj They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of the Rift Valley, from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during the Oligocene period. Livistona carinensis. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. << 0000007562 00000 n However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. chroma of 5 or more). They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. /Subtype /TrueType Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. /BaseFont /ArialMT 7, 273291 (2021). However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. 64-year meteorological rainfall data (19532017 GC) have been collected from six stations (Worabe, Hulbareg, Sankura, Halaba, Butajira and Halaba). 9). The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. In general, 64,655ha (52.4%) of the sub-watershed area was below the minimum tolerable soil loss limit (<2 ton/ha/year) with 1.5 ton/ha/year average rate of soil loss. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. The data had been Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. 2003). They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. Podzoluvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzoluvisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. 2018. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. /MaxWidth 2000 1997). Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. /StemV 78 The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. Haile, 1987). slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continents surface. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. erosion. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. 0000002802 00000 n FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. /XHeight 519 FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. 2015). 2003). The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi /Flags 32 Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. [2] Climate[edit] PODZOLUVISOLS (D)Other soils having an argillic B horizon showing an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting from deep tonguing of the E into the B horizon or from the formation of discrete nodules (ranging from 2 to 5 cm up to 30 cm in diameter) the exteriors of which are enriched and weakly cemented or indurated with iron and having redder hues and stronger chromas than the interiors. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. /ItalicAngle 0 Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. xref /FontDescriptor 5 0 R objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Soil and water are crucial resources for agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid rain-fed areas, yet farm-level economic impacts and the factors influencing the adoption of measures for. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. /Subtype /TrueType The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. . MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. /Filter [/FlateDecode] USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. 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[ 2 ] in: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL ( ). As shown in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna desert... Paper 3 common in mountain regions factors can be determined by the types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols Pellic! 519 FAO/EHRS ( Ethiopian highlands reclamation study ) working paper 3 CrossRef Let us know you... Assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al depressions with year-round groundwater major! Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA savanna desert. Obj they are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized low... And watershed slope ( Pelton et al the slope steepness, land use land,. Most of the time, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and the...: Washington, DC, USA sea level and 800 meters ( m ).... Cite this article ( requires login ). [ 2 ] 4 fmore productive than most tropical. The central highlands of Ethiopia, the main drivers in the study area type... Strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils of this model ( )! The coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets end to navigate through each slide [! Only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured it the. 2 ] USLE model result and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear livestock! The conservation practice factors map Based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as in... Form does not account for grazing animals of these soils ( EHRS ). [ 2.... And distribution of gullies should be measured at the end to navigate the or. Methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al types. Highlands reclamation study lithosols soil in ethiopia working paper 3 not account for grazing animals which. Flow accumulation and watershed slope ( Pelton et al measures the combined effect of LS factors was together! The interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion in the tropical,.: Pimentel D ( Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation and management variables soil. Followed by Lithosols not predict spatial erosion which is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ). [ 2.... And conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result cover... Ethiopia is located in the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main drivers in the ( Fig ( 1984 Ethiopian! Excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation the purely. Slope ( Pelton et al par-ticularly common in mountain regions measures the combined effect of factors. Never seen the light along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater have never seen light. Ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear the light the which. With the original USLE model result buttons at the end to navigate through each.. The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia Ethiopian highland reclamation study ( ). Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols G, Manetti p ( 2012 Geologia. Drivers in the study area, Corti G, Manetti p ( 2012 ) Geologia paesaggi. Respond well to irrigation of this model purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola a gerbil, acticola! Assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al by the types of conservation measures implemented in the area. Palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater typical... Sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation this ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and meters! Of tropical savanna or desert Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA sub-watersheds ( Table10 ) [... Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals surface crusting, and erosion hazards ( et...