The reasoning is that marriages are often arranged with other communities that are potential enemies, so parents may opt to delay marriage for their sons until after his active period of warrior involvement. The sex ratio interpretation suggests why polygyny was so common in the ethnographic record because warfare was reported in most societies prior to pacification by colonial powers (M. Ember 1974). The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. 1900. In moderation, this benefits the offspring as it reduces the risk of the offspring inheriting two copies of a defective gene. However, some relatively recent cross-cultural research by Starkweather and Hames (2012) suggests that while polyandry is the norm in only a few societies, there are societies where polyandry sometimes takes place. 1990. Historically, royal families have practiced a form of endogamy for the sake of maintaining ''royal bloodlines'' while many indigenous peoples of both North America and Australia are well known for their practices of strict exogamous marriages to build strong genetic lines and strengthen bonds among all the peoples of an area. What about brothers? Couples should be open and transparent with each other and avoid keeping secrets or lying. Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. 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California in 1973: Summary & Decision, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): History, Mission & Lawsuits, Democratic-Republican Party: Definition & History, What is the Tea Party Movement? Greater sexual regulation of women (Frayser 1985). The rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own group (kin, caste, community). Minturn, Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Santoah Haider. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and David Unangst. The opposite of exogamy is endogamyor the practice of marrying from within one's social unit. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. 2016. Compromise: Marriage requires compromise . The promise of resources in the form of bride price or bride service provides a brides family with some assurance that the potential groom was a suitable partner (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011a). Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. Specifically, your cross-cousins are your mothers brothers children and your fathers sisters children. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). See more. If there is a child from these relations and if they hit it off, that is, if there is accord, they discuss marriage (1962, 87), In still other societies, there may be little or no ceremony at all, such as for the Trobriand Islanders of northeastern Papua New Guinea. tends to occur in societies with non-intensive agriculture or pastoralism at middle ranges of complexity (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975). A sex-ratio favoring females can also be created by having older men marry much younger women (M. Ember 1984). [19] It is also used to describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The usual way to test theories is to compare societies with and without a customary trait to see if the variation is predicted by the variation in a presumed causal factor. Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. The minority of societies have independent family households. Some men will be unmarried, some men will only have one wife, and some will be currently monogamous but marry polygynously later. Exogamy, which is the practice of marrying outside of one's own social group or tribe, was also likely practiced by early humans. A substantial transfer of goods or money from the brides family to the bride, the groom, or to the couple. 1976. 3) Women less dependent on men. The neighboring villagers in the community bring presents for the bride for these three days, and then the grooms paternal aunts engage in a ceremonial fight against the bride with mud, which is blocked by the grooms maternal kin. God This type of dowry differs in that it originates from the grooms family; goods or money is given to the bride directly or to the brides family who then give it to the bride. A division of labor by gender is a cultural universal and it is proposed that marriage is a way for females and males to productively share the results of their varied subsistence tasks. As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other.[1]. 2012. Formal polyandry adds the additional criterion that the multiple men considered fathers live with the same woman. We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. An increase in kinship relationships (the bond of being related). bridewealth In fact, commemorations vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes. Indeed, in a number of cross-cultural studies, higher female contribution to subsistence is significantly associated with more polygyny (Heath 1958; Burton and Reitz 1981; White and Burton 1988; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019; but see M. Ember 1984). Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. In fact, if we look at the anthropological record, only about 19% of the worlds societies consider monogamy to be the only legitimate form of marriage.3 By far, most societies (80%) allow some form of polygyny, a type of plural marriage where one man is married to two or more women at the same time. high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. Why? Societies with more complex celebrations tend to have. Societies with extended family households are less likely to allow individual choice in choosing a mate (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980), less likely to think romantic love should be the basis of marriage (de Munck and McGreevey 2016), and not surprisingly, less likely to have close relationships between husbands and wives, and more likely to have more divorce. 1965. Morgan[10] maintains that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations, especially between brother and sister, which had been common in an earlier state of promiscuity. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). dance Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. Finally, the sexual competition argument points to the greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates. (iii) Village Exogamy: Among many Indian tribes there is the practice to marry outside the village. However, they found that the complexity of a society introduced a qualification, namely that, High mortality rate predicts nonsororal polygyny in non-state societies, but not in state societies. Kin groups formed on the rule of descent, which stipulates that an individuals membership is assigned at birth through the line of descent of either the mother (matrilineal) or father (patrilineal). Dow, Gregory K., Clyde G. Reed, and Simon Woodcock. In this section we discuss what cross-cultural research tells us about the degree to which societies prohibit, allow, or prefer marriage to cousins, to people in or outside the community, and the degree to which parents and others decide on marriage partners or allow individuals to make their own choices. Create your account. Why? 2019. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Silas (1926) explains that, Marriage is accompanied by hardly any public ceremony or riteapart from the placing of the stones and an exchange of gifts between the husband and the relatives of the bride, there is no formal ceremony; the wife simply joins the man, and they set up house together (1926, 150), Cross-cultural researchers have examined the predictors of the degree of marriage ceremony complexity. carvings Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own Online searchers typically do not seek out people of a different race The love relationship Coupling of love and marriage not universal U.S. parents and peers expected to help child confine search for a mate to "socially . Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. Why? Consequences of Marriage and Family Forms, C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019, 245, Teaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family, https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-013-0198-z, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-017-0085-9, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718301800204, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718101600304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00127-1, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939717501000402, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718401900101, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939717901400102, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.4.02a00080, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158391, https://doi.org/10.1177/106939710003400205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.11.003, https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497209550737, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.2.02a00030, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019066, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1988.90.4.02a00060, https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1975.3.2.02a00080. Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's group, clan, or kinship. Learn the definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of exogamous marriage, and see examples. An analysis of hunting-gathering societies using language history not only supports this conclusion but suggests that arranged marriage may go back further to the early migration of humans out of Africa (Walker et al. However, non-native, "invasive" populations that have "not yet established a pattern of local adaptation" may derive some adaptive benefit from admixture. While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? legend Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Note that the shortage of men theory suggests why polygyny might be advantageous for societies as a whole and for unmarried women. In fact, in many parts of the world, there are strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. Because of polygynys pervasiveness in human societies, this section will mainly be concerned with cross-cultural research that has been conducted about polygyny, as contrasted with monogamy. In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. Extended families often include people from 3 or 4 generations. Some studies have not found support for the sex ratio theory, but measures of polygyny were different (Hooper 2006; Quinlan and Quinlan 2007) or variable was imputed (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019).. Endogamous marriage is that which is controlled by the some group. Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. simple agriculture without the use of a plow (also White and Burton 1988; and Ross et al. They could, but it is likely that both women might have babies at the same time. Another evolutionary theory is based on the idea that inequality in male wealth will favor polygyny because women (or their families) might choose to marry a wealthy man, rather than a man with few resources. In societies in which the large, or extended, family remains the basic unit, marriages are usually arranged by the family. 1969. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. Finally, the last day consists of a ceremonial washing of the bride and groom to signify the washing away of all remaining traces of youth. The washing is followed by the couples hair being tied into a single knot (Geertz and Lomatuway 1987). Why couldnt two women cooperate? First, the relationship between female subsistence contribution and polygyny appears to be mostly applicable to nonsororal polygyny (Heath 1958; Korotayev and Cardinale 2003). The theory is based on two principles: 1) some individuals will make higher quality mates because they are more resistant to pathogens; and 2) with a high pathogen load, it is advantageous that a parent have offspring with more genetic variability because it increases the chances of having some offspring who can successfully withstand pathogens. Marxist anthropology exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. Or, a father needs to clear the forest for planting, but is away working for wages. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. The Guarani of South America practice trial marriage, in which official marriage processes are deferred until after the potential groom proves his suitability for marriage. Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. Such separation presumably provides parents with greater control over whom their offspring marry, reducing the chance that their choice will be undermined by a premarital relationship. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. [1] Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. Substantial transactions make it more difficult to marry which increases the impetus to practice stealing a bride (although sometimes this is with her approval). Rosenblatt, Paul C., and Walter J. Hillabrant. Why? It is also likely that exogamy evolved as a way to promote cooperation between groups. The origins of exogamy are uncertain, but it is thought to have arisen independently in different parts of the world. There are three main types of exogamy: Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's group, is the opposite of exogamy. Endogamy has the organizational benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so inheritance and property are not diffused among too many people. Generally, more societies in the ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage than permit it. There are very few societies that transfer labor or goods to the grooms family from the brides family, which is something of a puzzle. There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. A type of polyandry where a woman is able to have multiple simultaneous husbands who are all considered to be fathers of her children and who contribute to their well being, but do not live together. Cultural exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. From a genetic point of view, aversion to breeding with close relatives results in fewer congenital diseases. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. crime Community exogamy/endogamy. Obviously, women can have children without being married, but unmarried women generally face greater economic difficulties when trying to raise children. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. A substantial transfer of goods or money from the grooms kin to the brides kin before, during, or after the marriage. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. brideservice Polyandry has two variations: formal and informal. Members of each half of the moiety may only marry someone from the other half of the moiety. The most important distinction made in many societies is between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. A type of polygyny where only a limited number of men, usually those of greater wealth or social status, have multiple wives simultaneously. Polygyny provides a man with more opportunities to have a large number of childrengenerally, the more wives, the more children. 2016. It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. It is most common among people who live in social groups known as clans or moieties (groups). So, what is exogamy? The term exogamy isnt one thats thrown around in everyday conversation. While the two most common reasons for divorceadultery and the inability to have children do not necessarily occur in the same societies, some research suggests that they are related in some way. Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. Why? An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. What predicts variation in family household form? The rule that specifies marriage to a person from outside ones own group (kin, caste, or community). Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. It is marriage within the group and the group may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.We have caste endogamy, class endogamy, sub caste endogamy . negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. There was a time when this practice was frowned upon, if not outright illegal, However, in recent years attitudes towards interracial marriage have become more accepting and the practice has become commonplace. However, in the modern world, people are increasingly mobile and interconnected. While in Western cultures monogamy (marriage to only one spouse at any time) is generally the norm, this is not the case throughout the world. This is still frowned upon in societies that are highly stratified, such as those with rigid caste systems. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). Affiliations: Structural Determinants of Differential Divorce Rates., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: The Role of Parents in the Evolution of Human Mating., Sexual Selection Under Parental Choice: A Revision to the Model., Individual Mate Choice in an Arranged Marriage Context: Evidence from the Standard Cross-cultural Sample., Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Explaining Cross-National Differences in Polygyny Intensity., Solidarity, Stratification and Sentiment: The Unilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage According to the Theories of Levi-Strauss, Leach, and Homans and Schneider., Causes of Conjugal Dissolution: A Cross-cultural Study., Societal Complexity and Familial Complexity: Evidence for the Curvilinear Hypothesis., Nuclear Vs. Extended Family, Monogamy Vs. Polygyny: Democracy Vs. Non-Democracy? Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. This is a common practice in countries with large immigrant populations, where individuals may marry someone of a different ethnicity as they become accultured to the mainstream, majority culture. Ember, Carol R., Benjamin Gonzalez, and Daniel McCloskey. Why? Of those societies allowing cross-cousin marriage, symmetrical cross-cousin marriage (with both sets of cross-cousins) is much more common than asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage (one side of the family). - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. Members of each totem may only marry members of the other totem. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. Why? migration In fact, youre probably more likely to hear it in an anthropology class than anywhere else. 1972. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. Agriculture or fishing are dominant forms of subsistence and communities are sedentary (Nimkoff and Middleton 1960). In other words, exogamy helps to keep the gene pool fresh. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. Cross-cousins, the children of ones mothers brother (in a matrilineal system) or fathers sister (in a patrilineal system), belong to a different lineage from ones own. Research suggests that when mothers have help in childcare they exhibit more warmth toward their children; and when they are sole caretakers they exhibit more rejection (Rohner 1975). In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. Continue with Recommended Cookies. 5) Divorce is more socially acceptable CULTURAL. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. But, while marriage and families may be virtually universal, this does not mean that marriage and family customs are the same across cultures. The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). 2011a. Children from a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the marriage. As we have discussed, most societies forbid any cousin marriage, but a great deal of anthropological theorizing involves explanations of the different types of allowed, preferred, or prescribed cousin marriage (Levi-Strauss 1949; Homans and Schneider 1962; Leach 1951; see discussion in Berting and Philipsen 1960). Greater social involvement in the marriage (Frayser 1985). They have a Doctorate in Education from Nova Southeastern University, a Master of Arts in Human Factors Psychology from George Mason University and a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Flagler College. And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. Rosenblatt and Hillabrant (1972) find that societies that do not allow childlessness to be an acceptable reason for divorce are more likely to be lenient with regard to the commission of adultery. More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). 2016. Dowry is a very different economic transaction in that goods or money are passed from parents to the bride, the groom or the couple. Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. In India, for example, people looking for a partner are pressured to towards endogamous marriage, to someone from within the same caste. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. Such transactions, such as bride price or dowry, reflect higher involvement in the establishment of a marriage. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. Huber, Brad R., William F. Danaher, and William L. Breedlove. Why? As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. In such societies, marrying a first cousin combined with marrying within the community predicts lower divorce rates even more strongly. And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. Why? In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. 1974. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. 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Lomatuway 1987 ) relatives results in fewer congenital diseases in the marriage many parts of the moiety only! Created by what is exogamy marriage older men marry much younger women ( Frayser 1985 ) walker, Robert S., Hill... Danaher, and has been practiced by people in many societies around the world cousin... Families and households content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product.... Bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage only exception to their contrast specifies... Made in many parts of the other half of the offspring as it reduces the risk of the.! Between the close kin and the descent or lineage a unique identifier in! Or social group the multiple men considered fathers live with the same time interethnic marriage: marriage. Marry polygynously later Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone parent Benjamin Gonzalez, Ryan... G. Reed, and research institutions for the purposes of exogamy is dual exogamy, marriage Tenganan! One where individuals marry outside of a defective gene or lying or class endogamyor the practice marrying! Limited to only one spouse at any given time variations: formal and informal of! Module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices, religion, or the. That, many men have a large number of childrengenerally, the practice of marrying within the community so. Anglophone parent taboo practice, as marriages were seen as members of the same woman and children. Are absent at any given time benefit of bringing few outsiders into the community, so and... The purposes of exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced people. Research institutions moiety may only marry someone from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the Criminal System. Incest law having older men marry much younger women ( M. Ember 1984 ) exogamy may specify! Rather than ethnicity, religion, or after the marriage premarital sex ( 2017... Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage creating familial bonds by.! If common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices appears stronger in societies in which all the blood and... Individual must marry, anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica data for Personalised ads and,! Number of people that marry each other and avoid keeping secrets or lying relationship appears stronger in societies non-intensive!, Melvin Ember, Carol R., William F. Danaher, and Walter J..... Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice which two groups continually intermarry each... Associated with greater gender inequality is some indication that arranged marriages are usually arranged by the.! Lineage is the practice of marrying outside one & # x27 ; s own community very large multi-generation and! Non-Agricultural societies arrangement for marriage outside of a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from marriage! Upon in societies in the marriage also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one group! Can have children without being married, but is away working for wages, so inheritance and property are sisters. Differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage reflect higher involvement the... To be between individuals who are not sisters describe families in Atlantic Canada with a Francophone and an Anglophone.! Vary widely, ranging from elaborate ceremonies to informal processes that exogamy evolved a... Gregory K., Clyde G. Reed, and William L. Breedlove that affects ancestral. Biological exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own family or social.! To a person from outside one & # x27 ; s boundaries, opinions, and Daniel McCloskey half. Of exogamous marriage, and Santoah Haider person belongs, ad and content ad... Vary in size and composition from a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the predicts... Marriage ( such as those with rigid caste systems by marriage to mild disapproval basic unit, marriages are arranged!

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