""", """ For example: And if you need to suppress placeholder substitution for read(), but still need a JSON snippet, you can do this. Here is an example of waiting for a search box to appear after a click(), and note how we re-use the Element reference returned by waitFor() to proceed with the flow. Karate has a built-in implementation for Docker (DockerTarget) that supports 2 existing Docker images out of the box: To use either of the above, you do this in a Karate test: Or for more flexibility, you could do this in karate-config.js and perform conditional logic based on karate.env. These are essential HTTP operations, they focus on setting one (un-named or key-less) value at a time and therefore dont need an = sign in the syntax. Some characters such as the hyphen - are not permitted in lenient JSON keys (because they are interpreted by the JS engine as a minus sign). In this Karate Framework Tutorial, We are going to create the Own Karate API Testing Automation Framework, We will use the Person APIs (with JSON Server). These are built-in variables, there are only a few and all of them give you access to the HTTP response. That data is used to make yet another request to fetch a JPEG image from e.g. TestRunner Class: This class is used to JUnit annotation to run the feature file. For details of scope and visibility of variables, see Script Structure. And there is no more worrying about Maven profiles and whether the right *.properties file has been copied to the proper place. Karate tool was developed by Peter Thomas in 2017. Also refer to this demo example for a working example of multipart file uploads: upload.feature. Karate has built-in support for re-trying an HTTP request until a certain condition has been met. Note that waitForUrl() will also act as an assertion, so you dont have to do an extra match. To make dynamic data-driven testing easier, the following keywords also exist: params, headers, cookies and form fields. karate.appendTo(keys, x); From a file in the same package. JSON / arrays), see, executes an OS command, but forks a process in parallel and will not block the test like, for advanced conditional logic for e.g. For some more examples check test-outline-name-js.feature. If you mix Karate into a Maven or Gradle project with many other dependendies, you may run into problems because of dependency conflicts. IMPORTANT: There are some restrictions when using callonce or karate.callSingle() especially within karate-config.js. Here are the configuration keys supported: If you need to set any of these globally you can easily do so using the karate object in karate-config.js - for e.g: In rare cases where you need to add nested non-JSON data to the configure value, you have to play by the rules that apply within karate-config.js. (with no space in between). math It also details how a third-party library can be easily used to generate some very nice-looking reports, from the JSON output of the parallel runner. Being able to define and re-use JavaScript functions is a powerful capability of Karate. Heres how it works: Here is a contrived example that uses match each, contains and the #? It is always start with Question mark (?). As per GitHub page of Karate Framework - Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing, and even UI automation into a single , unified framework. So you can refer to the response, responseStatus or even responseHeaders if needed. You should be able to run tests in parallel with ease ! For completeness, the built-in tags are the following: There are two special tags that allow you to select or un-select a Scenario depending on the value of karate.env. Note that def can be used to assign a feature to a variable. In other words, when call or callonce is used without a def, the called script not only shares all variables (and configure settings) but can update the shared execution context. Multiple feature files (or paths) can be specified, de-limited by the space character. This approach is indeed slightly more complicated than traditional *.properties files - but you need this complexity. Also we will learn about Karate variables, Embedded expression, Headers, Path and Query Parameters. Refer to the section on JsonPath short-cuts for a deeper understanding of named JsonPath expressions in Karate. A common use case is to mix API-calls into a larger test-suite, for example a Selenium or WebDriver UI test. Note that #present and #notpresent only make sense when you are matching within a JSON or XML context or using a JsonPath or XPath on the left-hand-side. any valid JavaScript expression, and variables can be mixed in, another example: equivalent to the above, JavaScript function invocation, Pretty print the request payload JSON or XML with indenting (default, Pretty print the response payload JSON or XML with indenting (default. Calling any Java code is that easy. Karate UI UI Test Automation Made Simple. If you are looking for Cucumber hooks Karate does not support them, mainly because they depend on Java code, which goes against the Karate Way. You can re-use the function you create across your whole project. Karate will also run Scenario-s in parallel by default. The examples above are simple, but a variety of expression shapes are supported on the right hand side of the = symbol. You can even remove JSON array elements by index. Note that regex escaping has to be done with a double back-slash - for e.g: '#regex a\\.dot' will match 'a.dot'. Test Automation | Karate Labs Open-source test automation solution used by 42 of the Fortune 500 companies. Since it is internally implemented as a JavaScript function, you can mix calls to read() freely wherever JavaScript expressions are allowed: Tip: you can even use JS expressions to dynamically choose a file based on some condition: * def someConfig = read('my-config-' + someVariable + '.json'). Of course if you did not care about the page URL assertion (you can still do it later), you could do this. Karate will scan the log for any string that starts with ws:// and kick things off from there. If a handler function (returning a boolean) is provided - it will be used to complete the listen wait if true is returned. If you place it above the Feature keyword, it will apply to all Scenario-s. And if you just want one or two Scenario-s to NOT run in parallel, you can place this tag above only those Scenario-s. See example. Karate UI automation, is it possible to make locators dynamic. } The special tag @report=false can be used, and it can even be used only for a single Scenario: In cases where you want to mask values which are sensitive from a security point of view from the output files, logs and HTML reports, you can implement the HttpLogModifier and tell Karate to use it via the configure keyword. Here is an example JavaScript function that uses some variables in the context (which have been possibly set as the result of a sign-in) to build the Authorization header. The Karate Demo has a working example of the recommended parallel-runner set up. Refer to the section on dynamic port numbers for an example. Do note that if you choose the Java API, you will naturally lose some of the test-automation framework benefits such as HTML reports, parallel execution and JavaScript / configuration. Normally in dev mode, you will use your IDE to run a *.feature file directly or via the companion runner JUnit Java class. You can also pass parameters into the *.feature file being called, and extract variables out of the invocation result. Billie Karate also has a dedicated tag, and a very active and supportive community at Stack Overflow - where you can get support and ask questions. In the called feature, the argument can also be accessed using the built-in variable: called Karate scripts dont need to use any special keywords to return data and can behave like normal Karate tests in stand-alone mode if needed, the data return mechanism is safe, there is no danger of the called script over-writing any variables in the calling (or parent) script (unless you use, the need to explicitly unpack variables by name from the returned envelope keeps things readable and maintainable in the caller script, call re-usable functions that take complex data as an argument and return complex data that can be stored in a variable, JavaScript / JSON-style mutation of existing. If you wanted to check if the Element returned exists, you can use the present property getter as follows: But what is most useful is how you can now click only if element exists. If you face issues such as class not found, just pull in the karate-core dependency, and use the all classifier in your pom.xml (or build.gradle). But use wisely, because called scripts will now over-write variables that may have been already defined. If all you need to do is check whether an element exists and fail the test if it doesnt, see exists() below. You should take a minute to compare this with the exact same example implemented in REST-assured and TestNG. You can find more details here. For example if you have HTML like this: To click on the checkbox, you just need to do this: By default, the HTML tag that will be searched for will be input. You could get by by renaming the file-extension to say *.txt but an alternative is to use the karate.readAsString() API. The most common use-case would be to partition your tests into smoke, regression and the like - which enables being able to selectively execute a sub-set of tests. You can use karate.abort() like so: Using karate.abort() will not fail the test. In some cases where the response JSON is wildly dynamic, you may want to only check for the existence of some keys. name: 'John', - Karate is BDD testing framework - Developer by Peter Thomas in 2017 (intuit). Karate is quite flexible, and provides multiple options for you to evolve patterns that fit your environment, as you can see here: xml.feature. But we recommend that you do this only if you are sure that these routines are needed in almost all *.feature files. Something like this: For HTTPS / SSL, you can also specify a custom certificate or trust store by setting Java system properties. !contains deep is not yet supported, please contribute code if you can. You can optionally pass in variable values or over-ride config via a HashMap or leave the second-last argument as null. Note: In Background section we put base URL and header details which are common for all scenarios. JsonPath filter expressions are very useful for extracting elements that meet some filter criteria out of arrays. Examples of defining and using JavaScript functions appear in earlier sections of this document. It is based on Cucumber and uses the Gherkin Syntax. - Mix API and UI test-automation. Powerful JSON & XML declarations are built-in, and you can run tests in parallel for speed. """, "function(e){ return getComputedStyle(e)['font-size'] }", # this shorter version is equivalent to the above, # get text for all elements that match css selector, # now you can have multiple steps refer to "e", # find all elements with the text-content "Click Me", # perform some API calls and initialize the value of "token". Especially when payloads are complex (or highly dynamic), it may be more practical to use contains semantics. Another example is that for the new Microsoft Edge browser (based on Chromium), the Karate default alwaysMatch is not supported, so this is what works: Here are some of the things that you can customize, but note that these depend on the driver implementation. To reset so that you are back to the root page, just switch to null (or integer value -1): There are two forms, if a locator is provided - only that HTML element will be captured, else the entire browser viewport will be captured. Step 1: Create a feature file under src/test/java folder. } function (config, downloadLatestFn) { The @setup tag is built-in for this purpose and any Scenario tagged with this will behave like @ignore. Refer to JsonPath short-cuts for a detailed explanation. Technology Partner And this happens to work as expected for JSON object keys as well: This modifies the behavior of match contains so that nested lists or objects are processed for a deep contains match instead of a deep equals one which is the default. If you have other questions or feedback, the comment section is yours. First the JavaScript file, basic-auth.js: And heres how it works in a test-script using the header keyword. Cucumber has a limitation where Background steps are re-run for every Scenario. This is more compact, and is especially useful for expressions that do not start with the current DOM element. The JS API has a karate.signal(result) method that is useful for involving asynchronous flows into a test. Step 3: Add steps to run a sample GET API request. If the locator does not exist, any attempt to perform actions on it will not fail your test - and silently perform a no-op. The listenResult magic variable will hold the value passed to the call to karate.signal(). A few special built-in variables such as $ (which is a reference to the JSON root) - can be mixed into JSON embedded expressions. This can loop until any user-defined condition and can use any variable (or Karate or Driver JS API) in scope. Refer to the demos for another example: soap.feature. Here is an example: Rarely used, but when you want to just instantiate an Element instance, typically when you are writing custom re-usable functions, or using an element as a waypoint to access other elements in a large, complex tree. This is useful for testing payloads with JSON arrays whose members have a few essential keys that you wish to validate. This can be convenient if a particular call results in a huge response payload. """, # note how we returned an array from the above when the condition was met, # and now we can use the results like normal. Also note how you can wrap the LHS of the match in parentheses in the rare cases where the parser expects JsonPath by default. Conditional logic is not recommended especially within test scripts because tests should be deterministic. { You are free to organize your files using regular Java package conventions. Read the documentation of the stand-alone JAR for more - such as how you can even install custom command-line applications using jbang ! The recipe for doing this when running Maven from the command line is: You can refer to the documentation of the Maven Surefire Plugin for alternate ways of achieving this, but the argLine approach is the simplest and should be more than sufficient for your Continuous Integration or test-automation needs. This is just to reduce confusion for users new to Karate who tend to do * def request = {} and expect the request body or similarly, the url to be set. Karate is the only open-source tool to combine API test-automation, mocks, performance-testing and even UI automation into a single, unified framework. You can easily assert that all expected elements are present, even in nested parts of your JSON - while doing a match on the full payload. Things will work even if the karate-config.js file is not present. In real-life tests, these are very useful when the order of items in arrays returned from the server are not guaranteed. A good example of where you may need this is if you programmatically write a file to the target folder, and then you can read it like this: Take a look at the Karate Demos for real-life examples of how you can use files for validating HTTP responses, like this one: read-files.feature. path to file containing the trust chain for your server certificate. Example: Note that if you do this immediately after a page-load, in some cases you need to wait for the page to fully load. Karates native support for JSON means that you can assign parts of a JSON instance into another variable, which is useful when dealing with complex response payloads. 12341234 The Runner.Builder API has a dryRun() method to switch this on. Format of the keyStore file. In rare cases, e.g. _ > 0'. } Here is the same example using this approach, where a couple of images need to be saved as part of the test-script: A video of the above execution can be viewed here. It is worth taking a few minutes to go through the documentation and examples here: JsonPath Examples. It can be easily inspected or used in expressions. Learn more. There are 3 forms: And since you can chain the retry() API, you can have tests that clearly express the intent to wait. You have to repeat the Examples section for each tag. convenient way to execute an OS specific command and return the console output e.g. It is sometimes useful to be able to check if a key-value-pair does not exist. And if you really need to scan the whole page for some text, you can use this, but it is better to be more specific for better performance: This is just a convenience short-cut for waitUntil(locator, '!_.disabled') since it is so frequently needed: A very powerful and useful way to wait until the number of elements that match a given locator is equal to a given number. A very useful capability is to be able to check that an array contains an object that contains the provided sub-set of keys instead of having to specify the complete JSON - which can get really cumbersome for large objects. With the above in place, you dont have to keep switching between your src/test/java and src/test/resources folders, you can have all your test-code and artifacts under src/test/java and everything will work as expected. The $varName form is used on the right-hand-side of Karate expressions and is slightly different from pure JsonPath expressions which always begin with $. Most servers expect the domain to be set correctly like this: Note that you can do the above as a one-liner like this: * cookie({ name: 'hello', value: 'world' }), just keep in mind here that then it would follow the rules of Enclosed JavaScript (not Embedded Expressions). Also see the singular form script(). And you can easily assert that the data is as expected by comparing it with another JSON or XML object. Also referred to as mutual auth - if your API requires that clients present an X509 certificate for authentication, Karate supports this via JSON as the configure ssl value. If you really need to have an empty body, you can use an empty string as shown below, and you can force the right Content-Type header by using the header keyword. And you can have a nested heirarchy, which means you can neatly name-space your locator reference look-ups - as you will see later below. Another example for a popular Maven reporting plugin that is compatible with Karate JSON is Cluecumber. It can look something like this. The get keyword allows you to save the results of a JsonPath expression for later use - which is especially useful for dynamic data-driven testing. Note that this example only does a string equals check on parts of the JSON, but with Karate you are always encouraged to match the entire payload in one step. To understand how Karate compares to other UI automation frameworks, this article can be a good starting point: The world needs an alternative to Selenium - so we built one. name: John In cases where the data-source needs multiple steps, for e.g. 5-7+ years of software QA testing experience automating tests for both Web UI and backend APIs . Use the comma-delimited form (see above) or the JS helper (see below). This means that all your. The websocket URL will look like this: ws://127.0.0.1:4444/0e0bd1c0bb2d4eb550d02c91046dd6e0. For advanced examples, refer to some of the scenarios within this demo: dynamic-params.feature. Here below is an example jbang script that uses the Karate Java API to do some useful work. The use of includes() is needed in this real-life example, because innerHTML() can return leading and trailing white-space (such as line-feeds and tabs) - which would cause an exact == comparison in JavaScript to fail. And similarly - for specifying the HTTP proxy. The steps which are defined under background will run before each and every scenario for a feature file. Note that the ? The signal to stop the loop is to return any not-null object. It is a great example of how to effectively use the unique combination of Cucumber and JsonPath that Karate provides. Note how we can even serve an image with the right Content-Type header. results : null; Even Java interop and access to the karate JS API would work. If your XPath is dynamic and has to be formed on the fly perhaps by using some variable derived from previous steps, you can use the karate.xmlPath() helper: You can refer to this file (which is part of the Karate test-suite) for more XML examples: xml-and-xpath.feature. REST-style path parameters. It works with Gherkin language, and It is easy for even non-programmers. Heres how it works for XML: This comes in useful in some cases - and avoids needing to use the set keyword or JavaScript functions to manipulate JSON. It has a BDD syntax which is language-neutral and it is easy to understand even for non-programmers. # if the expression begins with "_" or "! An advanced option is where the scenario expression returns a JavaScript generator function. 2. Herea table of the alternative in-line forms compared with the standard form. And it is used to create a variable. When expressing expected results (in JSON or XML) you can mark some fields to be ignored when the match (comparison) is performed. You could even have all the steps start with When and Karate wont care. API API POST API abcd : : Look at multipart entity for an example. You normally never need to use this in a test, Karate will close the browser automatically after a Scenario unless the driver instance was created before entering the Scenario. It so happens that the karate object has a field called properties which can read a Java system-property by name like this: karate.properties['myName']. The second form has an additional string argument which is the text to enter for cases where the dialog is expecting user input. Note that since only JsonPath is expected on the left-hand-side of the == sign of a match statement, you dont need to prefix the variable reference with $: A convenience that the get syntax supports (but not the $ short-cut form) is to return a single element if the right-hand-side evaluates to a list-like result (e.g. When re-running tests in development mode and when your test suite depends on say an Authorization header set by karate.callSingle(), you can cache the results locally to a file, which is very convenient when your auth token is valid for a period of a few minutes - which typically is the case. For convenience, some stats are logged to the console when execution completes, which should look something like this: The parallel runner will always run Feature-s in parallel. Just re-fresh your browser window if you re-run the test. Note that more builder methods are available from the Runner.Builder class such as reportDir() etc. When you are in a hurry, you can pause a test in the middle of a flow just to look at the browser developer tools to see what CSS selectors you need to use. A common need is to move (or hover) the mouse, and for this you call the move() method. # this can be a global re-usable function ! You have the option to adjust the scope of the match, and here are examples: Note that {:4} can be used as a short-cut instead of {*:4}. The short cut $variableName form is also supported. In addition, it also supports mocks, performance testing, and Mobile test Automation with other inbuilt features Although all properties in the passed JSON-like argument are unpacked into the current scope as separate named variables, it sometimes makes sense to access the whole argument and this can be done via __arg. Yes, you can modify the request or response if needed ! And the returned JSON is dynamic, the lastName will modify response.json via an embedded-expression. Refer to this for the complete example: schema-like.feature. The name of the class doesnt matter, and it will automatically run any *.feature file in the same package. return results.size() == 2 ? For driver type chrome, you can use the addOption key to pass command-line options that Chrome supports: For the WebDriver based driver types like chromedriver, geckodriver etc, you can use the webDriverSession configuration as per the W3C WebDriver spec: Only supported for driver type android | ios. Heres a simple recipe to set up this mechanism on your local machine. This is actually the intent most of the time and is convenient. Karate has an elegant way to set multiple keys (via path expressions) in one step. Behind the scenes, this sets the HTTP communication read timeout. Make sure you call go() at the end - if the last method in the chain is not click() or up(). It was first mentioned on Thoughtworks Technology Radar in April 2019 as a language/framework to assess. top: 483, Wait for the browser JS expression to evaluate to true. In some rare cases where you dont want to auto-convert JSON, XML, YAML or CSV, and just get the raw string content (without having to re-name the file to end with .txt) - you can use the karate.readAsString() API. And here is how cat-create.feature could look like: If you replace the table with perhaps a JavaScript function call that gets some JSON data from some data-source, you can imagine how you could go about dynamic data-driven testing. And steps that follow should logically be in the Then form. Do note that if you prefer a pure Java API - Karate has that covered, and with far more capabilities. But the recommended way is to use the karateEnv(name, value) or systemProperty(name, value) API on the parallel-runner. Prefer classpath: when a file is expected to be heavily re-used all across your project. It short-cuts to the pre-defined variable responseHeaders and reduces some complexity - because strictly, HTTP headers are a multi-valued map or a map of lists - the Java-speak equivalent being Map>. Note that all the short-cut forms on the right-side of the table resolve to equality (==) matches, which enables them to be in-lined into a full (single-step) payload match, using embedded expressions. Since asserting against header values in the response is a common task - match header has a special meaning. Note that any cookies returned in the HTTP response would be automatically set for any future requests. Note that Karate works fine on OpenJDK. } While converting a number to a string is easy (just concatenate an empty string e.g. For JSON and XML files, Karate will evaluate any embedded expressions on load. All we need to do now is to tell Chrome to intercept some URL patterns and use the above mock-server feature-file: The entire example can be found here - and here is a video. This enables more concise tests, and the file can be re-usable in multiple, data-driven tests. There are two forms. right: 1496 created: { on: "#ignore" }, did the function invocation return a map-like (or JSON) object ? There are 2 variants, one that takes an integer as the param, in which case the frame is selected based on the order of appearance in the page: Or you use a locator that points to the